Jobs And Technology

Home » Archives for 2016

Unix Commands related to Oracle DBA

Unix Commands for Oracle DBA

Home » Articles » Misc » Here

UNIX Commands for DBAs

This article contains a brief list of commands that most UNIX DBAs will need on a regular basis.

•Basic File Navigation

•File Permissions

•OS User Management

•Process Management

•uname and hostname

•Error Lines in Files

•File Exists Check

•Remove Old Files

•Remove DOS CR/LFs (^M)

•Run Commands As Oracle User From Root

•Compress Files

•General Performance

?vmstat

?free

?iostat

•CPU Usage

?sar

?mpstat

?top

•Hide Passwords

•Automatic Startup Scripts on Linux

•CRON

•Cluster Wide CRON Jobs On Tru64

•NFS Mount (Sun)

•NFS Mount (Tru64)

•Samba/CIFS Mount (Linux)

•PC XStation Configuration

•Useful Profile Settings

•Useful Files

Basic File Navigation

The "pwd" command displays the current directory.

root> pwd

/u01/app/oracle/product/9.2.0.1.0The "ls" command lists all files and directories in the specified directory. If no location is defined it acts on the current directory.

root> ls

root> ls /u01

root> ls -alThe "-a" flag lists hidden "." files. The "-l" flag lists file details.

The "cd" command is used to change directories.

root> cd /u01/app/oracleThe "touch" command is used to create a new empty file with the default permissions.

root> touch my.logThe "rm" command is used to delete files and directories.

root> rm my.log

root> rm -R /archiveThe "-R" flag tells the command to recurse through subdirectories.

The "mv" command is used to move or rename files and directories.

root> mv [from] [to]

root> mv my.log my1.log

root> mv * /archive

root> mv /archive/* .The "." represents the current directory.

The "cp" command is used to copy files and directories.

root> cp [from] [to]

root> cp my.log my1.log

root> cp * /archive

root> cp /archive/* .The "mkdir" command is used to create new directories.

root> mkdir archiveThe "rmdir" command is used to delete directories.

root> rmdir archiveThe "find" command can be used to find the location of specific files.

root> find / -name dbmspool.sql

root> find / -print | grep -i dbmspool.sqlThe "/" flag represents the staring directory for the search. Wildcards such as "dbms*" can be used for the filename.

The "which" command can be used to find the location of an executable you are using.

oracle> which sqlplusThe "which" command searches your PATH setting for occurrences of the specified executable.

File Permissions

The "umask" command can be used to read or set default file permissions for the current user.

root> umask 022The umask value is subtracted from the default permissions (666) to give the final permission.

666 : Default permission

022 : - umask value

644 : final permissionThe "chmod" command is used to alter file permissions after the file has been created.

root> chmod 777 *.log

Owner Group World Permission

========= ========= ========= ======================

7 (u+rwx) 7 (g+rwx) 7 (o+rwx) read + write + execute

6 (u+wx) 6 (g+wx) 6 (o+wx) write + execute

5 (u+Rx) 5 (g+Rx) 5 (o+Rx) read + execute

4 (u+r) 4 (g+r) 4 (o+r) read only

2 (u+w) 2 (g+w) 2 (o+w) write only

1 (u+x) 1 (g+x) 1 (o+x) execute onlyCharacter eqivalents can be used in the chmod command.

root> chmod o+rwx *.log

root> chmod g+r *.log

root> chmod -Rx *.logThe "chown" command is used to reset the ownership of files after creation.

root> chown -R oinstall.dba *The "-R" flag causes the command ro recurse through any subdirectories.

OS Users Management

The "useradd" command is used to add OS users.

root> useradd -G oinstall -g dba -d /usr/users/my_user -m -s /bin/ksh my_user•The "-G" flag specifies the primary group.

•The "-g" flag specifies the secondary group.

•The "-d" flag specifies the default directory.

•The "-m" flag creates the default directory.

•The "-s" flag specifies the default shell.

The "usermod" command is used to modify the user settings after a user has been created.

root> usermod -s /bin/csh my_user

The "userdel" command is used to delete existing users.

root> userdel -r my_userThe "-r" flag removes the default directory.

The "passwd" command is used to set, or reset, the users login password.

root> passwd my_userThe "who" command can be used to list all users who have OS connections.

root> who

root> who | head -5

root> who | tail -5

root> who | grep -i ora

root> who | wc -l•The "head -5" command restricts the output to the first 5 lines of the who command.

•The "tail -5" command restricts the output to the last 5 lines of the who command.

•The "grep -i ora" command restricts the output to lines containing "ora".

•The "wc -l" command returns the number of lines from "who", and hence the number of connected users.

Process Management

The "ps" command lists current process information.

root> ps

root> ps -ef | grep -i oraSpecific processes can be killed by specifying the process id in the kill command.

root> kill -9 12345uname and hostname

The "uname" and "hostname" commands can be used to get information about the host.

root> uname -a

OSF1 oradb01.lynx.co.uk V5.1 2650 alpha

root> uname -a | awk '{ print $2 }'

oradb01.lynx.co.uk

root> hostname

oradb01.lynx.co.ukError Lines in Files

You can return the error lines in a file using.

root> cat alert_LIN1.log | grep -i ORA-The "grep -i ORA-" command limits the output to lines containing "ORA-". The "-i" flag makes the comparison case insensitive. A count of the error lines can be returned using the "wc" command. This normally give a word count, but the "-l" flag alteres it to give a line count.

root> cat alert_LIN1.log | grep -i ORA- | wc -lFile Exists Check

The Korn shell allows you to check for the presence of a file using the "test -s" command. In the following script a backup log is renamed and moved if it is present.

#!/bin/ksh

if test -s /backup/daily_backup.log

then

DATE_SUFFIX=`date +"%y""%m""%d""%H""%M"`

mv /backup/daily_backup.log /backup/archive/daily_backup$DATE_SUFFIX.log

fiRemove Old Files

The find command can be used to supply a list of files to the rm command.

find /backup/logs/ -name daily_backup* -mtime +21 -exec rm -f {} ;Remove DOS CR/LFs (^M)

Remove DOS style CR/LF characters (^M) from UNIX files using.

sed -e 's/^M$//' filename > tempfileThe newly created tempfile should have the ^M character removed.

Run Commands As Oracle User From Root

The following scripts shows how a number of commands can be run as the "oracle" user the "root" user.

#!/bin/ksh

su - oracle <<EOF

ORACLE_SID=LIN1; export ORACLE_SID

rman catalog=rman/rman@w2k1 target=/ cmdfile=my_cmdfile log=my_logfile append

EOFThis is often necessary where CRON jobs are run from the root user rather than the oracle user.

Compress Files

In order to save space on the filesystem you may wish to compress files such as archived redo logs. This can be using either the gzip or the compress commands. The gzip command results in a compressed copy of the original file with a ".gz" extension. The gunzip command reverses this process.

gzip myfile

gunzip myfile.gzThe compress command results in a compressed copy of the original file with a ".Z" extension. The uncompress command reverses this process.

compress myfile

uncompress myfileGeneral Performance

vmstat

Reports virtual memory statistics.

# vmstat 5 3

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------

r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st

0 0 0 1060608 24372 739080 0 0 1334 63 1018 1571 14 11 66 10 0

0 0 0 995244 24392 799656 0 0 6302 160 1221 1962 10 10 62 18 0

0 0 0 992376 24400 799784 0 0 1 28 992 1886 3 2 95 0 0

#See the vmstat man page.

free

Reports the current memory usage. The "-/+ buffers/cache:" line represents the true used and free memory, ignoring the Linux file system cache.

# free

total used free shared buffers cached

Mem: 8178884 4669760 3509124 0 324056 1717756

-/+ buffers/cache: 2627948 5550936

Swap: 10289148 0 10289148

#iostat

Reports I/O statistics.

# iostat

Linux 3.2.10-3.fc16.x86_64 (maggie.localdomain) 03/19/2012 _x86_64_(4 CPU)

avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle

2.02 0.23 0.51 0.78 0.00 96.46

Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn

sda 9.23 100.55 62.99 1796672 1125538

dm-0 13.60 100.31 62.99 1792386 1125524

dm-1 0.02 0.08 0.00 1432 0

#CPU Usage

sar

Collect, report, or save system activity information.

# sar -u 10 8

Linux 2.6.32-100.0.19.el5 (ol5-112.localdomain) 06/27/2011

02:01:09 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle

02:01:19 PM all 1.01 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 98.49

02:01:29 PM all 2.72 0.00 2.62 0.10 0.00 94.56

02:01:39 PM all 1.21 0.00 0.60 0.40 0.00 97.79

02:01:49 PM all 1.00 0.00 0.60 0.10 0.00 98.29

02:01:59 PM all 1.21 0.00 0.70 0.10 0.00 97.99

02:02:09 PM all 1.01 0.00 0.40 0.10 0.00 98.49

02:02:19 PM all 0.80 0.00 0.50 0.20 0.00 98.49

02:02:29 PM all 2.92 0.00 2.42 0.10 0.00 94.56

Average: all 1.48 0.00 1.04 0.14 0.00 97.34

#See the sar man page.

mpstat

Reports processor related statistics.

# mpstat 10 2

Linux 2.6.32-100.0.19.el5 (ol5-112.localdomain) 06/27/2011

01:59:57 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s

02:00:07 PM all 1.21 0.00 0.90 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 97.69 980.50

02:00:17 PM all 0.70 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 98.79 973.77

Average: all 0.95 0.00 0.65 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 98.24 977.14

#See the mpstat man page.

top

Displays top tasks.

# top

top - 13:58:17 up 2 min, 1 user, load average: 2.54, 1.11, 0.41

Tasks: 160 total, 6 running, 154 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie

Cpu(s): 77.1%us, 22.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 0.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st

Mem: 2058872k total, 879072k used, 1179800k free, 23580k buffers

Swap: 4095992k total, 0k used, 4095992k free, 620116k cached

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND

2882 oracle 20 0 610m 64m 56m R 24.9 3.2 0:02.20 oracle

2927 root 20 0 90328 3832 2604 R 24.6 0.2 0:00.89 Xorg

2931 oracle 20 0 605m 34m 31m R 11.5 1.7 0:00.35 oracle

2933 oracle 20 0 605m 34m 30m S 9.8 1.7 0:00.30 oracle

2888 oracle 20 0 614m 52m 40m S 6.9 2.6 0:00.78 oracle

2935 oracle 20 0 604m 22m 20m S 6.2 1.1 0:00.19 oracle

2937 oracle 20 0 604m 19m 17m R 4.6 1.0 0:00.14 oracle

2688 oracle -2 0 603m 15m 13m S 4.3 0.8 0:01.08 oracle

2685 oracle 20 0 603m 15m 13m S 0.7 0.8 0:00.22 oracle

2939 oracle 20 0 217m 4084 3504 R 0.7 0.2 0:00.02 oracle

2698 oracle 20 0 604m 18m 16m S 0.3 0.9 0:00.17 oracle

2702 oracle 20 0 609m 22m 14m S 0.3 1.1 0:00.17 oracle

2704 oracle 20 0 618m 21m 19m S 0.3 1.1 0:00.21 oracle

2714 oracle 20 0 603m 20m 18m S 0.3 1.0 0:00.18 oracle

1 root 20 0 10364 704 588 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.36 init

2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd

3 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0

4 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0

5 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0

6 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 events/0

7 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset

8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper

9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns

#The PID column can then be matched with the SPID column on the V$PROCESS view to provide more information on the process.

SELECT a.username,

a.osuser,

a.program,

spid,

sid,

a.serial#

FROM v$session a,

v$process b

WHERE a.paddr = b.addr

AND spid = '&pid';See the top man page.

Hide Passwords

You may be required to use passwords in scripts calling Oracle tools, like SQL*Plus, Export/Import and RMAN etc. One method to remove the credentials from the script itself is to create a credentials file to hold them. In this case I'm using "/home/oracle/.scottcred", which contains the following.

scott/tigerChange the permissions to make sure the file is only visible to the owner.

$ chmod 600 /home/oracle/.scottcredNow replace references to the credentials with the contents of the file.

$ expdp < /home/oracle/.scottcred schemas=SCOTT directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=SCOTT.dmp logfile=expdpSCOTT.logAlternatively, consider using one of the following:

•Secure External Password Store

•OS Authentication

Automatic Startup Scripts on Linux

This text has been replaced by a separate article here.

CRON

There are two methods of editing the crontab file. First you can use the "crontab -l > filename" option to list the contents and pipe this to a file. Once you've editied the file you can then apply it using the "crontab filename".

•Login as root

•crontab -l > newcron

•Edit newcron file.

•crontab newcron

Alternatively you can use the "crontab -e" option to edit the crontab file directly.

The entries have the following elements.

field allowed values

----- --------------

minute 0-59

hour 0-23

day of month 1-31

month 1-12

day of week 0-7 (both 0 and 7 are Sunday)

user Valid OS user

command Valid command or script.The first 5 fields can be specified using the following rules.

* - All available values or "first-last".

3-4 - A single range representing each possible from the start to the end of the range inclusive.

1,2,5,6 - A specific list of values.

1-3,5-8 - A specific list of ranges.

0-23/2 - Every other value in the specified range.The following entry runs a cleanup script a 01:00 each Sunday. Any output or errors from the script are piped to /dev/null to prevent a buildup of mails to root.

0 1 * * 0 /u01/app/oracle/dba/weekly_cleanup > /dev/null 2>&1Cluster Wide CRON Jobs On Tru64

On clustered systems cron is node-specific. If you need a job to fire once per cluster, rather than once per node you need an alternative approach to the standard cron job. One approach is put forward in the HP best practices document (Using cron in a TruCluster Server Cluster), but in my opinion a more elegant solution is proposed by Jason Orendorf of HP Tru64 Unix Enterprise Team (TruCluster Clustercron).

In his solution Jason creates a file called /bin/cronrun with the following contents.

#!/bin/ksh

set -- $(/usr/sbin/cfsmgr -F raw /)

shift 12

[[ "$1" = "$(/bin/hostname -s)" ]] && exit 0

exit 1This script returns TRUE (0) only on the node which is the CFS serving cluster_root.

All cluster wide jobs should have a crontab entry on each node of the cluster like.

5 * * * /bin/cronrun && /usr/local/bin/myjobAlthough the cron jobs fire on all nodes, the "/bin/cronrun &&" part of the entry prevents the script from running on all nodes except the current CFS serving cluster_root.

NFS Mount (Sun)

The following deamons must be running for the share to be seen by a PC.

•/usr/lib/nfs/nfsd -a

•/usr/lib/nfs/mountd

•/opt/SUNWpcnfs/sbin/rpc.pcnfsd

To see a list of the nfs mounted drives already present type.

exportfsFirst the mount point must be shared so it can be seen by remote machines.

share -F nfs -o ro /cdromNext the share can be mounted on a remote machine by root using.

mkdir /cdrom#1

mount -o ro myhost:/cdrom /cdrom#1NFS Mount (Tru64)

On the server machine, if NFS is not currently setup do the following.

•Application Manager -> System Admin -> Configuration -> NFS

•Select the "Configure system as an NFS server" option.

•Accept all defaults.

Create mount point directory.

mkdir /u04/backupAppend the following entry to the "/etc/exports" file.

/u04/backupMake sure the correct permissions are granted on the directory.

chmod -R 777 /u04/backupOn the client machine, if NFS is not currently setup do the following.

•Application Manager -> System Admin -> Configuration -> NFS

•Select the "Configure system as an NFS client" option.

•Accept all defaults.

Create mount point directory.

mkdir /backupAppend an following entry to the "/etc/fstab" file.

nfs-server-name:/u04/backup /backup nfs rw,bg,intr 0 0Finally, mount the fileset.

mount /backupAt this point you can start to use the mount point from your client machine. Thanks to Bryan Mills for his help with Tru64.

Samba/CIFS Mount (Linux)

Create a directory to use for the mount point.

# mkdir /hostAdd the following line to the "/etc/fstab" file.

//192.168.0.4/public /host cifs rw,credentials=/root/.smbcred,uid=500,guid=500 0 0Create a file called "/root/.smbcred" with the following contents.

username=myuser

password=mypasswordChange the permissions on the credentials file.

# chmod 600 /root/.smbcredMount the share.

# mount /hostPC XStation Configuration

Download the CygWin setup.exe from http://www.cygwin.com.

Install, making sure to select all the X11R6 (or XFree86 in older versions) optional packages.

If you need root access add the following entry into the /etc/securettys file on each server.

<client-name>:0From the command promot on the PC do the following.

set PATH=PATH;c:cygwinbin;c:cygwinusrX11R6bin

XWin.exe :0 -query <server-name>The X environment should start in a new window.

Many Linux distributions do not start XDMCP by default. To allow XDMCP access from Cygwin edit the "/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf" file. Under the "[xdmcp]" section set "Enable=true".

If you are starting any X applications during the session you will need to set the DISPLAY environment variable. Remember, you are acting as an XStation, not the server itself, so this variable must be set as follows.

DISPLAY=<client-name>:0.0; export DISPLAYUseful Profile Settings

The following ".profile" settings rely on the default shell for the user being set to the Korn shell (/bin/ksh).

The backspace key can be configured by adding the following entry.

stty erase "^H"The command line history can be accessed using the [Esc][k] by adding the following entry.

set -o viAuto completion of paths using a double strike of the [Esc] key can be configured by adding the following entry.

set filecUseful Files

Here are some files that may be of use.

Path Contents

/etc/passwd User settings

/etc/group Group settings for users.

/etc/hosts Hostname lookup information.

/etc/system Kernel parameters for Solaris.

/etc/sysconfigtab Kernel parameters for Tru64.

/etc/sysctl.conf Kernel parameters for Linux.

For more information see:

•OS Backup Commands

•Oracle9i Administrator's Reference Release 2 (9.2.0.1.0) for UNIX Systems

Hope this helps. Regards Tim...

OS BACKUP COMMANDS:

OS Backup Commands

This article contains a summary of the operating system backup commands you might encounter whilst backing up Oracle databases.

•ntbackup

•tar

•cpio

•dd

•vdump, rvdump, vrestore and rvrestore

ntbackup

Under WindowsNT and Windows2000 filesystem backups are done using the ntbackup program. This is a GUI tool with easy to use wizards to get you started, but it is also accessible from the command line. The command line parameters differ between WindowsNT and Windows2000. Under WindowsNT a typical backup command would look like.

ntbackup backup c:\ /d "Daily Backup" /hc:on /l "C:\backup.log" /e /t normal /v

c:\ : The drive to backup.

/d "Daily Backup" : The name of the backup set.

/hc:on : Harware compression on.

/l "C:\backup.log" : Location of the logfile.

/e : Log exceptions only.

/t normal : Backup type normal.

/v : Verify backup.Under Windows 2000 a similar command would look like.

ntbackup backup c:\ /D "Daily Backup" /HC:on /L:s /M normal /P DLT /V:yes /UM

c:\ : The drive to backup.

/D "Daily Backup" : The name of the backup set.

/HC:on : Harware compression on.

/L:s : Summary data only in log.

/M normal : Backup type normal.

/P DLT : Media pool assignment (Backup/DLT).

/V:yes : Verify backup.

/UM : Unmanaged.The Windows2000 backup logs always appear in.

C:\Documents and Settings<user-name>Local Settings\Application Data\Microsoft\Windows NT\NTbackup\DataWhere user-name is the user who ran ntbackup.

The Windows2000 is rather troublesome regarding reuse of tapes. Using the following procedure should alleviate most of these problems.

•From the task bar click "Start" -> "Run..."

•Enter "ntbackup" and click "OK".

•From the ntbackup menu select "Tools" -> "Options" and click on the "General" tab.

•Check the "Always move new import mediato the Backup media pool" option and click "OK".

•Exit ntbackup.

If there are still issues you must right-click the appropriate tape drive in "Computer Management" and select the "Mark as clean" option. At this point the tape should be reused properly.

tar

The tar command can be used to backup and restore files to another filesystem or an offile storage device.

# Create archive.

cd /u01/app/oracle

tar -cvf /tmp/admin.tar admin

# Restore archive.

cd /tmp

tar -xvf admin.tarIf a full path is used during the archive creation the extract locations are fixed rather than relative. The process is similar when accessing a tape device except the destination is the mounted device.

# Mount and rewind the tape.

mt -f /dev/rmt/2m rew

# Create archive.

tar -cvf /dev/rmt/2m /u01/*

# Restore archive.

tar -xvf /dev/rmt/2mdd

The dd command is similar to the tar command.

# Mount and rewind the tape.

mt -f /dev/rmt/2m rew

# Create archive.

dd if=/u01/app/oracle/* of=/dev/rmt/2m BS=32K

# Restore archive.

dd if=/dev/rmt/2m of=/u01/app/oracle BS=32Kcpio

The cpio command deals with the standard input so filesystem paths must be piped to it.

# Create archive.

cd /u01/app/oracle

find admin | cpio -oc > /tmp/admin.cpio

# Restore archive.

cd /tmp

cpio -idmv < admin.cpioIf a full path is used during the archive creation the extract locations are fixed rather than relative:

find /u01/app/oracle/admin | cpio -oc > /tmp/admin.cpiovdump, rvdump, vrestore and rvrestore

Full level 0 backup of a local filesystem (/u01) to a local device (/dev/tape/tape1_d6).

/sbin/vdump -0 -u -f /dev/tape/tape1_d6 /u01Full level 0 backup of a local filesystem (/u01) to a remote device (server2:/dev/tape/tape1_d6).

/sbin/rvdump -0 -u -f server2:/dev/tape/tape1_d6 /u01Restore a vdump or rvdump archive from a local device (/dev/tape/tape1_d6) to a local filesystem (/u01).

/sbin/vrestore -xf /dev/tape/tape1_d6 -D /u01Restore a vdump or rvdump archive from a remote device (server2:/dev/tape/tape1_d6) to a local filesystem (/u01).

/sbin/rvrestore -xf server2:/dev/tape/tape1_d6 -D /u01

Adding Oracle RAC from Nodes on Windows Systems

0 comments

Adding Oracle RAC from Nodes on Windows Systems

How to extend an existing Oracle Real Application Clusters(Oracle RAC) home to other nodes and

instances in the cluster, and delete Oracle RAC

from nodes and instances in the cluster. This chapter provides instructions for

Windows systems.

If your goal is to clone an existing Oracle RAC home to create multiple new Oracle

RAC installations across the cluster, then use the cloning procedures.

"Cloning Oracle RAC to Nodes in a New Cluster".

This chapter includes the following topics:

■ Adding Oracle RAC to Nodes with Oracle Clusterware Installed
■ Deleting Oracle RAC from a Cluster Node

Notes: In this chapter, the entries for Grid_home refer to the full
path name for the Oracle Grid Infrastructure home, and the entries for
Oracle_home refer to substitutes for environment variables for the
Oracle home with Oracle RAC.

Notes:

Ensure that you have a current backup of Oracle Cluster Registry(OCR) before adding or deleting Oracle RAC by running the

ocrconfig -showbackup command.

2. Using Oracle Enterprise Manager to add and delete nodes and instances is not supported on Windows.

3.For all of the add node and delete node procedures, temporarydirectories such as %TEMP% or

C:\Temp should not be shareddirectories. If your temporary directories are shared, then set your

temporary environment variable, such as %TEMP%, to a location ona local node. In addition, use a

directory path that exists on all of the nodes.

Adding Oracle RAC to Nodes with Oracle Clusterware Installed

Before beginning this procedure, ensure that your existing nodes have the correct path

to the Grid_home and that the Oracle_home environment variables are set correctly.

To add Oracle RAC database instances to nodes that already have Oracle Clusterware

installed, you must extend the Oracle RAC home that is on an existing node (node1 in

this procedure) of the cluster to the target nodes.

1. Navigate to the Oracle_home\oui\bin directory on node1 and run the

addNode.bat script using the following syntax, where node2 is the name of the

node you are adding:

addNode.bat "CLUSTER_NEW_NODES={node2}"

2. If you store your policy-managed database on Oracle Automatic Storage

Management (Oracle ASM), Oracle Managed Files is enabled, and if there is space

in a server pool for node2, then crsd adds the Oracle RAC database instance to

node2 and no further action is necessary. If Oracle Managed Files is not enabled,

then you must manually add undo and redo logs.

If there is no space in a server pool, then node2 moves into the Free server pool.

Use the srvctl modify srvpool command to increase the cardinality of the

server pool to accommodate node2, after which time node2 moves out of the Free

server pool and into the modified server pool, and crsd adds the Oracle RAC

This section describes using DBCA to add Oracle RAC database instances under the

following topics:

Using DBCA in Interactive Mode to Add Database Instances to Target Nodes

Using DBCA in Silent Mode to Add Database Instances to Target Nodes

These tools guide you through the following tasks:

Creating a new database instance on each target node

Creating and configuring high availability components

Creating the Oracle Net configuration for a non-default listener from the Oracle home

Starting the new instance

Creating and starting services if you entered services information on the Services

Configuration page

After adding the instances to the target nodes, you should perform any necessary

service configuration procedures,Automatic Workload Management".

Using DBCA in Interactive Mode to Add Database Instances to Target Nodes

To add a database instance to a target node using DBCA in interactive mode, perform

the following steps:

1. Ensure that your existing nodes have the Oracle home environment variable set
correctly.

2. Start DBCA by entering dbca at the system prompt from the Oracle_home\bin
directory on an existing node.

DBCA performs certain CVU checks while running. However, you can also run
CVU from the command line to perform various verifications.

DBCA displays the Welcome page for Oracle RAC. Click Help on any DBCA page
for additional information.

3. Select Oracle Real Application Clusters database, click Next, and DBCA displays
the Operations page.

4. Select Instance Management, click Next, and DBCA displays the Instance
Management page.

5. Select Add Instance and click Next. DBCA displays the List of Cluster Databases
page that shows the databases and their current status, such as ACTIVE or
INACTIVE.

6. From the List of Cluster Databases page, select the active Oracle RAC database to
which you want to add an instance. Enter the user name and password for a
database user that has SYSDBA privileges. Click Next and DBCA displays the List
of Cluster Database Instances page showing the names of the existing instances for
the Oracle RAC database that you selected.

7. Click Next to add a new instance and DBCA displays the Adding an Instance page

8. On the Adding an Instance page, enter the instance name in the field at the top of

this page if the instance name that DBCA provides does not match your existing

instance naming scheme. Then select the new node name from the list, click Next,

and DBCA displays the Services Page.

9. Enter the services information for the new node's instance, click Next, and DBCA
displays the Instance Storage page.

10. If you are using Oracle ASM or a cluster file system, then click Finish on the
Instance Storage page.

11. Review the information on the Summary dialog and click OK or click Cancel to

end the instance addition operation. The DBCA displays a progress dialog

showing DBCA performing the instance addition operation. When DBCA

completes the instance addition operation, DBCA displays a dialog asking

whether you want to perform another operation.

12. After you terminate your DBCA session, run the following command to verify the

administrative privileges on the new node and obtain detailed information about

these privileges where nodelist consists of the newly added nodes:

cluvfy comp admprv -o db_config -d oracle_home -n nodelist [-verbose]

13. Perform any necessary service configuration procedures, as described in

Chapter 5, "Introduction to Automatic Workload Management".

Using DBCA in Silent Mode to Add Database Instances to Target Nodes

You can use DBCA in silent mode to add instances to nodes on which you have

extended an Oracle Clusterware home and an Oracle Database home. Use the

following syntax:

dbca -silent -addInstance -nodeList node_name -gdbName gdb_name

[-instanceName instance_name -sysDBAUserName sysdba -sysDBAPassword password]

database instance to node2.

3. If you have an administrator-managed database, then add a new instance on

node2 as described in "Adding Administrator-Managed Oracle RAC Database

Instances to Target Nodes" Adding Administrator-Managed Oracle RAC Database Instances to Target

NodesBefore adding an Oracle RAC database instance, run the following command on an

existing node to configure Oracle Enterprise Manager on the node where you plan to

add the database instance:

C:\>emca -addNode db

The Oracle Enterprise Manager Configuration Assistant prompts you for database and
node information.

You can use either Oracle Enterprise Manager or DBCA to add Oracle RAC database

instances to the target nodes. To add a database instance to a target node with Oracle

Enterprise Manager,

RAC Mandatory BackGround Process

0 comments

About Oracle RAC Background Processes

The GCS and GES processes, and the GRD collaborate to enable Cache Fusion. The

Oracle RAC processes and their identifiers are as follows:

ACMS: Atomic Controlfile to Memory Service (ACMS)

In an Oracle RAC environment, the ACMS per-instance process is an agent that

contributes to ensuring a distributed SGA memory update is either globally

committed on success or globally aborted if a failure occurs.

GTX0-j: Global Transaction Process

The GTX0-j process provides transparent support for XA global transactions in an

Oracle RAC environment. The database autotunes the number of these processes

based on the workload of XA global transactions.

LMON: Global Enqueue Service Monitor

The LMON process monitors global enqueues and resources across the cluster and

performs global enqueue recovery operations.

LMD: Global Enqueue Service Daemon

The LMD process manages incoming remote resource requests within each

instance.

LMS: Global Cache Service Process

The LMS process maintains records of the data file statuses and each cached block

by recording information in a Global Resource Directory (GRD). The LMS process

also controls the flow of messages to remote instances and manages global data

block access and transmits block images between the buffer caches of different

instances. This processing is part of the Cache Fusion feature
.

LCK0: Instance Enqueue Process

The LCK0 process manages non-Cache Fusion resource requests such as library

and row cache requests.

RMSn: Oracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)

The RMSn processes perform manageability tasks for Oracle RAC. Tasks

accomplished by an RMSn process include creation of resources related to Oracle

RAC when new instances are added to the clusters.

RSMN: Remote Slave Monitor manages background slave process creation and

communication on remote instances. These background slave processes perform

tasks on behalf of a coordinating process running in another instance.

Important Note: Many of the Oracle Database components that this section
describes are in addition to the components that are described for
noncluster Oracle databases in Oracle Database Concepts.

Managing Datafiles

0 comments

Tablespaces:

Oracle Stores logically in tablespace and physically the data must be stored in Datafiles.

Datafiles must be created under the Tablespaces.

Tablespace is a place where we can store store the tablespaces object such as tables,indexes.

A Tablespace must contain more than one Datafile.

The total number of storage space available in a tablespace is the sum of the disc size.

Tablespaces are divided into 2 types

1) Small File Tablespace

2) Big File Tablespace

Small File Tablespace:

It contains the 1024 datafiles having 2 ^22 blocks these files restore time is less Datafiles can grow

upto 64GB.

BigFile Tablespace:

It contains Only one Datafile having 2^32 blocks these files restore time is high Datafiles can grow

up to 128 TB.

Based on Space management the tablespaces are divided into 2 types

1) Dictionary Managed tablespace

2) Locally Managed Tablespace.

1) Dictionary Managed Tablespace :

If the space allocation or deallocation information is referred in the data dictionary then such database are called Dictionary Managed Tablespace.

It contains tables that store information that is used to manage extent allocation and deallocation manually.
Each segment has different storage clause.

2) Locally Managed Tablespace:

The space allocation is referred with in the tablespace header. where space allocation or deallocation information managed in the form of Bit-Map Header.

LMT Manages its own extents maintaining a bitmap in each datafile to keep track of the free or used status of blocks in that datafile.
Each bit in a bit-map corresponds to a block or a group of blocks

Clustware Architecture

0 comments

Clusterware Architecture:

In Clusterware Architecture there are 2 important files are

1) OCR - oracle cluster Registry.

2) Voting Disks

The above 2 files are stored in shared storage either in Raw Partitions or CFS(Cluster File Registry)

> From 11gR2 , we need to store in CFS or Asm Disk Groups (directly placed in raw has been de-supported)

> OCR File:
Oracle Cluster Registry contains the information of like node names,Ip's Configuration Databases,Listeners ,Services etc that are registered with the cluster.

--> Various clients of OCR are

1) DBCA

2) SRVCTL

3) Enterprise Manager Console

4) VIPCA

5)NETCA

In Order to optimize the performance of the queries on OCR, Oracle RAC follows Distributed "OCR-Cache " Architecture means every node that is participating in cluster maintains a local copy of OCR file in the local memory which is called oracle cache.

OcrCache ---> Ocr Process --> Ocr client into the OCR File.

2) Voting Disks:

Oracle Rac uses the Voting Disk to manage cluster membership by way of a health check and artibrates cluster ownership among the instances in case of Network failures . The voting Disk must reside in share disk.

Oracle Mandatory Background Processes

0 comments

Oracle has 2 types of processes are available in oracle Environment.

1) Client Process
2) Server Process

Under Client Process these Processes are responsible for sending a user request to the database

server to fetch the data and display in at client side.

Under Server Process there are 2 types of processes

1) Oracle Server Processes
2) Background Process

Under Oracle Server Process there 3 types of Processes
1)Listener
2)Dispatcher
3)Dispatcher threads

a) Listener: Listener is the first process which accepts the user requests and forward to the Dispatcher.

b) Dispatcher: Dispatcher is the main process ,which accepts user requests from listener , Dispatcher identifies least loaded dispatcher threads and assign user requests to them.

c)Dispatcher threads: Dispatcher threads receives user request from dispatcher for execution .

there 2 types of dispatcher threads are available in every database instance .

i) Dedicated Server Process ii) Shared server Process

Dedicated server Process: These Process are recommended when ever client project is small and parllel connected users are less. For each user one Dediacated server process is allocated to execute the user request.

Shared Server Process: These process are recommanded when ever client project is large and parllel connected users are more. Number of user requests can be executed by one shared server Process.

BackGround Processes:
The Background Process which are used to help to process the Oracle
RECO -Recovery Process is used when then instance get failure it will recovers.

PMON-Process Monitor it will helps when the process failure.

SMON- System Monitor it will helps in when the instance get failure.

DBWR- It is a process It helps to write the databuffercache into the datafiles.

LGWR- It is a process It helps to write data from Redolog Buffer cache to the RedoLog Files, after

it will stored in Archived Destination.

ARC0- It is used to get the redolog files to be stored in Archived Destination.

AP SSC Results 2017

0 comments

Andhra Pradesh SSC Results 2017

The Andhra Pradesh Government Results should be Announced tentatively in between in Mid May . Its a Great movement to see what you achieved on the whole year Struggle.The Students who are written for the SSC exams are much awaiting for these Results.All Students are much enjoyed in this Summer, The results will give a chance to move another Step in their life.The School Days are ended after these Results. They have to choose another platform to move in to their Careers after SSC. Wishing you all the best for your Future.

For SSC Results Click on the below link:

SSC Results Website: www.bseap.org

Steps

1) Log in to Website

2) Just Enter your Hall Ticket No

3) After you Click on Submit

4) you will get the Result

The AP SSC Results will be available in these Websites Click Below Links:

www.manabadi.com

www.manabadi.co.in

www.schools9.com

www.bseap.org

Capitals Of All Countries

0 comments

I Here by given all the country capitals are given and recently modified(or) changed capitals are also mentioned here. All the Capitals of the countries in the world are given below in Alphabetical Order from A to Z.

Country Capital city

A

Afghanistan -> Kabul
Albania -> Tirana
Algeria -> Algiers
Andorra ->Andorra la Vella
Angola ->Luanda
Antigua and Barbuda-> Saint John's
Argentina-> Buenos Aires
Armenia ->Yerevan
Australia-> Canberra
Austria ->Vienna
Azerbaijan->Baku

Bahamas-> Nassau
Bahrain-> Manama
Bangladesh -> Dhaka
Barbados -> Bridgetown
Belarus ->Minsk
Belgium ->Brussels
Belize ->Belmopan
Benin ->Porto-Novo
Bhutan ->Thimphu
Bolivia ->La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)
Bosnia and Herzegovina-> Sarajevo
Botswana-> Gaborone
Brazil ->Brasilia
Brunei-> Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria-> Sofia
Burkina Faso-> Ouagadougou
Burundi ->Bujumbura

Cabo Verde ->Praia
Cambodia-> Phnom Penh
Cameroon-> Yaoundé
Canada-> Ottawa
Central African Republic-> Bangui
Chad-> N'Djamena
Chile-> Santiago
China ->Beijing
Colombia-> Bogotá
Comoros ->Moroni
Congo, Republic of the-> Brazzaville
Congo, Democratic Republic of the-> Kinshasa
Costa Rica-> San Jose
Cote d'Ivoire ->Yamoussoukro
Croatia ->Zagreb
Cuba-> Havana
Cyprus-> Nicosia
Czech Republic-> Prague

Denmark-> Copenhagen
Djibouti-> Djibouti (city)
Dominica-> Roseau
Dominican Republic-> Santo Domingo

Ecuador-> Quito
Egypt-> Cairo
El Salvador-> San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea-> Malabo
Eritrea-> Asmara
Estonia-> Tallinn
Ethiopia-> Addis Ababa

Fiji-> Suva
Finland-> Helsinki
France-> Paris

Gabon-> Libreville
Gambia-> Banjul
Georgia-> Tbilisi
Germany-> Berlin
Ghana-> Accra
Greece-> Athens
Grenada ->St. George's
Guatemala-> Guatemala City
Guinea-> Conakry
Guinea-Bissau-> Bissau
Guyana-> Georgetown

Haiti-> Port-au-Prince
Honduras-> Tegucigalpa
Hungary-> Budapest

Iceland-> Reykjavik
India-> New Delhi
Indonesia-> Jakarta
Iran-> Tehran
Iraq-> Baghdad
Ireland-> Dublin
Israel-> Jerusalem
Italy-> Rome

Jamaica-> Kingston
Japan-> Tokyo
Jordan-> Amman

Kazakhstan-> Astana
Kenya-> Nairobi
Kiribati-> South Tarawa
Kosovo-> Pristina
Kuwait-> Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan-> Bishkek

Laos-> Vientiane
Latvia-> Riga
Lebanon-> Beirut
Lesotho-> Maseru
Liberia ->Monrovia
Libya-> Tripoli
Liechtenstein-> Vaduz
Lithuania-> Vilnius
Luxembourg-> Luxembourg

Macedonia-> Skopje
Madagascar-> Antananarivo
Malawi-> Lilongwe
Malaysia-> Kuala Lumpur
Maldives-> Male
Mali-> Bamako
Malta-> Valletta
Marshall Islands-> Majuro
Mauritania-> Nouakchott
Mauritius-> Port Louis
Mexico-> Mexico City
Micronesia-> Palikir
Moldova-> Chisinau
Monaco-> Monaco
Mongolia-> Ulaanbaatar
Montenegro-> Podgorica
Morocco-> Rabat
Mozambique-> Maputo
Myanmar (Burma)-> Naypyidaw

Namibia-> Windhoek
Nauru-> Yaren District
Nepal-> Kathmandu
Netherlands-> Amsterdam
New Zealand-> Wellington
Nicaragua-> Managua
Niger-> Niamey
Nigeria-> Abuja
North Korea-> Pyongyang
Norway-> Oslo

Oman-> Muscat

Pakistan-> Islamabad
Palau-> Ngerulmud
Palestine-> Ramallah
Panama-> Panama City
Papua New Guinea-> Port Moresby
Paraguay-> Asunción
Peru-> Lima
Philippines-> Manila
Poland-> Warsaw
Portugal-> Lisbon

Qatar-> Doha

Romania-> Bucharest
Russia-> Moscow
Rwanda-> Kigali

Saint Kitts and Nevis-> Basseterre
Saint Lucia-> Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines-> Kingstown
Samoa-> Apia
San Marino-> San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe-> São Tomé
Saudi Arabia-> Riyadh
Senegal-> Dakar
Serbia-> Belgrade
Seychelles-> Victoria
Sierra Leone-> Freetown
Singapore-> Singapore
Slovakia-> Bratislava
Slovenia-> Ljubljana
Solomon Islands-> Honiara
Somalia ->Mogadishu
South Africa-> Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial)
South Korea-> Seoul
South Sudan-> Juba
Spain-> Madrid
Sri Lanka-> Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Sudan-> Khartoum
Suriname-> Paramaribo
Swaziland-> Mbabane
Sweden-> Stockholm
Switzerland-> Bern
Syria-> Damascus

Taiwan-> Taipei
Tajikistan-> Dushanbe
Tanzania-> Dodoma
Thailand-> Bangkok
Timor-Leste-> Dili
Togo-> Lomé
Tonga-> Nukuʻalofa
Trinidad and Tobago-> Port of Spain
Tunisia-> Tunis
Turkey-> Ankara
Turkmenistan-> Ashgabat
Tuvalu-> Funafuti

Uganda-> Kampala
Ukraine-> Kyiv
United Arab Emirates-> Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom-> London
United States of America-> Washington, D.C.
Uruguay-> Montevideo
Uzbekistan-> Tashkent

Vanuatu ->Port Vila
Vatican City (Holy See)-> Vatican City
Venezuela-> Caracas
Vietnam-> Hanoi

Yemen-> Sana'a

Zambia-> Lusaka

Zimbabwe-> Harare

To Reverse a given Number in Java

0 comments

TO Reverse a Given Number in Java

Steps to do Program:

we take an Integer to store the given number.
After we have to take a try & catch block. If try block consists a error occuring statement is in this block.
Then that statement must be catched by catch block and print the error occurred because of try & catch block.
According to that While loop it is repeatedly revolving around the loop until the condition is false (or) not true.
In this While loop

5.1 we have taken an variable temp = n % 10; it stores the remainder in temp.

5.2 Next we have to store the temp variable in to another variable because we have to number is we are getting from that temp variable.

5.3 Every repetation of loop execution temp stores the remainder variable then sum = sum * 10 + temp; it tells about the every temp variable is stored in sum.

5.4 The sum variable is multiplied by 10 because every remainder must be multiplied and added the variable to sum.(temp storing the remainder ).

5.5 At the same time we have to reduce the given number by writing the statement n=n/10;

that statement stores the Quotient so it reduces the number by again intialize that "n" in to "n" by itself.

public class ReverseNum {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Enter a Number");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = sc.nextInt();
int m;
m = n;
int sum = 0;
try {
while (n > 0) {
int temp = n % 10;
sum = sum * 10 + temp;
n = n / 10;

}
System.out.println("The number is" + sum);
if(sum==m)
{
System.out.println("The Number is polindrome");
}
else
{
System.out.println("It is not a polindeome");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Retrieve the data from the Database and Sort the Data Based on Job corresponding to Salary using Collections

0 comments

Retrieve the data from the Database and Sort the Data Based on Job corresponding to Salary using Collections

Using this program we can get the entire row by giving any attribute value of that row by using only one Single HashMap and JavaBean. In this program we used the JDBC connection to the Database MySQL. we can alter the database table values using Collections.

package com.nt.show;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;

class Justify {

public static ArrayList<Employ> all = new ArrayList<Employ>();

public static void add(Employ z) {
all.add(z);

}

public static void display() {
Collections.sort(all, new Comparator<Employ>() {

@Override
public int compare(Employ o1, Employ o2) {
return o1.getJob().compareTo(o2.getJob());
}

});

for (Employ emd : all) {
System.out.println(emd);
}

}

public static void mySort(final String s) {

Collections.sort(all, new Comparator<Employ>() {
@Override
public int compare(Employ o1, Employ o2) {

if (o1.getSalary() > o2.getSalary()&&(o1.getJob().trim().equals(s)))
return 1;
else
return -1;

}
});
System.out.println(" also Started");
for (Employ ex : all) {

System.out.println(ex);

}
}

}

public class Hazard {

static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3307/organization";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "root";
static final String PASS = "root";

public static void main(String[] args) throws SQLException,
ClassNotFoundException, IOException {
Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;

try {
// STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

// STEP 3: Open a connection
System.out.println("Connecting to database");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);

// STEP 4: Execute a query
System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql;
sql = "select id,job,salary from employ;";

ArrayList<Employ> al = new ArrayList<Employ>();
ArrayList<Employ> all = new ArrayList<Employ>();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
Justify zx = new Justify();
Employ z = null;
while (rs.next()) {
z = new Employ();
int empid = (rs.getInt("id"));
String empjob = (rs.getString("Job"));
int salary = rs.getInt("salary");
z.setId(empid);
z.setJob(empjob);
z.setSalary(salary);
al.add(z);

Justify.add(z);

System.out.println(z);

}
System.out.println("Sorting");
long lStartTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
Justify.display();
String y="Tester";
String x="Developer";
Justify.mySort(x);
Justify.mySort(y);

long lEndTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long difference = lEndTime - lStartTime;

System.out.println("Elapsed milliseconds: " + difference);

}

catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}

}

}

Using the Java Bean we can get the entire user defined set of attributes(datatypes) under single object.

A Java Bean Must have Setter and Getter Methods
It must be implemented by serializable.
It must have a Constructor.

package com.nt.show;

public class Employ {

private int id;

private String job;

private int salary;

Employ(){

}

public int getId() {

return id;

}

public void setId(int id) {

this.id = id;

}

public String getJob() {

return job;

}

public void setJob(String job) {

this.job = job;

}

public int getSalary() {

return salary;

}

public void setSalary(int salary) {

this.salary = salary;

}

@Override

public String toString() {

return "Employ [id=" + id + ", job=" + job + ", salary=" + salary + "]";

}

WE PROVIDE ALL

Unix Commands related to Oracle DBA

Unix Commands for Oracle DBA

Adding Oracle RAC from Nodes on Windows Systems

Adding Oracle RAC from Nodes on Windows Systems

RAC Mandatory BackGround Process

About Oracle RAC Background Processes

Managing Datafiles

Tablespaces:

Clustware Architecture

Clusterware Architecture:

Oracle Mandatory Background Processes

AP SSC Results 2017

Andhra Pradesh SSC Results 2017

Steps

The AP SSC Results will be available in these Websites Click Below Links:

Capitals Of All Countries

I Here by given all the country capitals are given and recently modified(or) changed capitals are also mentioned here. All the Capitals of the countries in the world are given below in Alphabetical Order from A to Z.

Country Capital city

A

To Reverse a given Number in Java

TO Reverse a Given Number in Java

Retrieve the data from the Database and Sort the Data Based on Job corresponding to Salary using Collections

Retrieve the data from the Database and Sort the Data Based on Job corresponding to Salary using Collections

Search This Blog

Blog Archive

WE PROVIDE ALL

Unix Commands for Oracle DBA

Adding Oracle RAC from Nodes on Windows Systems

About Oracle RAC Background Processes

Tablespaces:

Clusterware Architecture:

Andhra Pradesh SSC Results 2017

Steps

The AP SSC Results will be available in these Websites Click Below Links:

I Here by given all the country capitals are given and recently modified(or) changed capitals are also mentioned here. All the Capitals of the countries in the world are given below in Alphabetical Order from A to Z.

Country Capital city A

TO Reverse a Given Number in Java

Retrieve the data from the Database and Sort the Data Based on Job corresponding to Salary using Collections

Search This Blog

Blog Archive

Country Capital city

A